844养生人人都能当中医掌握食疗知识轻松
1 概述Pandect
中药是中华民族几千年来防病、治病的主要“武器”。如同中华文明一样，中药的使用也有着悠久的历史。在中医理论的指导下，中药就是用于防治疾病的我国传统药物的统称。由于中药的来源以植物居多，有“诸药以草为本”的说法，自古相沿称为“本草”。
与中药很类似的是草药，它是指流传于民间，没有在全国广泛流通使用，且加工炮制不规范的部分药物，其实质也是属于中药的范畴。
Chinese materia medica(CMM) is a main method of preventing and treating disease.As the Chinese civilization,the emergence and clinical application of CMM has a long history.Under the guidance of Traditional Chinese medicine theories,CMM is a general term for the prevention and treatment of disease.Most of the CMM being comprised of plants,historically there has been such a saying that "plants are the root of the CMM".From ancient times,the Chinese materia medica has often been called"Bencao(herbal medicine)".
The word"caoyao,"which is closely related to the concept of the CMM,refers to some medicinal that spread among some people in some areas,but are not widely used in the whole country.The processing was less canonical,but actually they still belong to the Chinese Materia Medica.
1.1 中药的起源与历史
人类对药物的认识源于觅食活动。我们的祖先通过采食植物和狩猎，逐渐了解这些植物和动物，有的可以充饥果腹；有的可以缓解病痛；有的则引起中毒，甚至死亡。因而人们懂得在觅食时要有所辨别和选择。我们的祖先经过无数次的观察、尝试，逐步积累和形成了药物的知识。
源远流长的中华民族文明史有着丰富的本草典籍文献资料，记录着中医药学的智慧和贡献
，是研究中国传统医学的重要基础，现将历代本草代表性著作简介如下。《神农本草经》是假托传说中的神农而作，成书于秦汉时期，为中国最早的药学专著
。该书提出了中药的四气五味、药物毒性、辨证用药原则等，还介绍了药物的简单剂型和服药方法。全书共记载365味中药，分为上、中、下三品。书中大多数药物至今仍然在使用，如常山截疟、阿胶止血、乌头止痛。《新修本草》也称唐本草，为中国唐朝显庆四年（公元659年）由朝廷组织苏敬等20多名学者共同编撰而成的。该书为历史上第一部官修本草，也被认为是世界上第一本药典。全书共记载药物844种，分为药图、图经、本草3部分。该书取材精要，图文并茂，反映了我国唐代本草学的辉煌成就，成为当时中国和日本等国医生必读的书籍。
《本草纲目》，作者李时珍（1518～1593年），为明代杰出的医药学家。该书编撰历经27年，是作者参阅了诸多医学书籍并亲历实践，广收博采，实地考察，对本草学进行了全面地整理总结，编撰而成的鸿篇巨著。该书记载药物1 892种，方剂逾万。该书集我国16世纪前药学成就之大成，是对植物学、动物学、矿物和冶金学等多学科知识的综合，影响远远超出药学的范围。该书17世纪前后流传国外，先后被译成朝、日、拉丁、英、法、德、俄等多种文字。
《中国药学大辞典》，作者陈存人，成书于1935年。全书200万字，附有标本图册。该书为近代第一部具有重要影响的大型中药丛书。
1.1 Origin and History of Chinese Materia Medica
The human knowledge of medicine was from human activities of foraging.From these hunting and gathering,our ancestors know how to used these plants and animals,that someone can eat as a food and another can treat as a medicine,someone can cause poisoning or death.That's why our ancestor know to differentiate and select foods in foraging.
Shen Nong's Herbal It is said that this book was written by Shen Nong(not his real name).It is not likely later than the second century A.D.(believed to be a product of the Qin and Han dynasties).It is the earliest monograph of CMM.In its exordium are describe the four Qi and five Flavors,poisonousness,application of materia medica on basis of syndrome differentiation,medicinal usage and many forms of formulas.In this book,365 kinds of Chinese medicine are recorded,and they are divided into three kinds of qualities.Most of the materia medica in this book are continue to be used to the present day;for example,Changshan resisting malaria,Ejiao stopping bleeding and Wutou treating pain.
Newly-revised Materia Medica It was completed in Tang Dynasty and so also called Tang Materia Medica.It was written and revised by 23 persons in 659 A.D.with Su Jing taking charge in editing it
.This is the first materia medica completed in Chinese history and it is also reputed as the first codex of the whole world.The whole recorded 844 kinds of medicine.It consists of three parts:medicinal pictures,Tujing and Bencao.With rich content and intensive materials,it possesses a very high scientific value,reflecting the outstanding achievement of Tang dynasty in Bencao science.It became a classic necessary to be read by TCM doctors of China,Japan and other countries at that time.Compendium of Materia Medica It is compiled by Li Shizhen (1518-1593),a great master of TCM in the Ming dynasty.It was compiled for 27 years and finished in 1578.Li Shizhen read many books for reference in compiling this book.It records 1,892 kinds of medicines and more than ten thousand formulae.It has collected all the medicinal achievements of China,before the 16th century and developed Bencao science to an unprecedented height.It integrated knowledge of many subjects such as botany,zoology,mineral and metallurgy.It began to spread abroad in the 17th century and has been translated many languages such as Korean,Japanese,Latin,English,French,German and Russian.
Big Dictionary of Chinese Materia Medica Its author is Chen Cunren and it was completed in 1935.It contains two million Chinese characters,and attached illustrations of specimens.It is the first series of Chinese Materia Medica of great importance in modern times.
1.2 本草学新成就
至现代，我国政府鼓励发展中草药学，组织出版了相当数量的中草药著作，最能反映现代本草成就的有各版的《中华人民共和国药典》、《中药志》、《全国中草药汇编》等。目前在中国有20余所大学开设中药专业，每年有相当数量的毕业生投入相关工作领域和研究中。
1.2 New achievement of Chinese Materia Medica
At present,Chinese government encourage doctors and scientists to use and research Chinese Materia Medica.Many books of CMM have published.Such as Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China,Zhonghua Materia Medica,National Collection of CMM,et al.There are traditional Chinese pharmacal specialities in the over 20 universities,many graduates work and study in it every years.